South Sudan’s President refutes claims of war profiteering amid civil unrest. Photo: Courtesy
By Adonis Byemelwa
South Sudan officially became the world’s newest and youngest nation on July 9, 2011, joining the ranks as the 54th country in Africa. That day marked a moment of immense hope for millions who had long dreamed of freedom, self-determination, and peace. But not long after, that hope began to fade. In 2013, just two years post-independence, the country was plunged into a brutal civil war.
Another wave of violence erupted in 2016, turning that hope into a lingering nightmare. Since then, South Sudan has struggled to stay afloat, held back by continuous unrest, weak public institutions, fragile leadership, and a political scene riddled with mistrust.
Recurring violence, especially at the local level, remains a key obstacle to lasting peace. Political tensions, mismanagement of public resources, and rampant corruption have made things worse.
And while the peace agreement—specifically, the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS)—signed in September 2018 gave the region a glimmer of hope, implementing its provisions has proven difficult.
A transitional government formed in February 2020 promised stability but soon faced overwhelming challenges: the COVID-19 pandemic, severe flooding, the economic fallout from the conflict in neighboring Sudan, and a failing oil-dependent economy. The transition period was extended to February 2027, yet the road ahead remains uncertain.
The country’s heavy reliance on oil exports—largely transported through Sudan—makes it particularly vulnerable. The conflict in Sudan has not only disrupted trade routes but also complicated efforts to rebuild South Sudan's economy.
Coupled with poor fiscal discipline and lackluster public financial management, the country’s capacity to respond to crises—be it climate disasters or market shocks—remains dangerously low.
And these shocks are frequent. South Sudan continues to face the wrath of climate change. Since its independence, the nation has endured relentless natural disasters—droughts in 2011 and 2015 and historic floods nearly every year from 2014 to 2024.
The latest flooding in 2024 affected over 735,000 people across 38 counties, deepening the humanitarian crisis. With food insecurity rising sharply—around 7.1 million people at risk of hunger during the lean season between April and July 2024—many families are stuck in survival mode. Women and children, as always, bear the heaviest burden.
The return of nearly 800,000 people—refugees, asylum seekers, and returnees—following the ongoing crisis in Sudan has put additional strain on a country already struggling to feed, shelter, and care for its citizens. South Sudan is a nation in pain—its wounds unhealed, its recovery fragile, and its future unclear.
At the heart of the country's ongoing conflict lie two powerful and stubborn rivals: President Salva Kiir and opposition leader Riek Machar. Their struggle is not just political—it’s deeply personal, tribal, and historical.
The fallout between the two in 2013 was less about policy and more about power—who gets it, who keeps it, and who is left behind. What started as a political disagreement between the president and his former deputy quickly spiraled into a deadly ethnic war, pitting Kiir’s Dinka community against Machar’s Nuer.
South African soldiers reportedly held hostage at Sudanese bases amid Bashir arrest standoff. Photo: Courtesy.
Since then, their power struggle has defined every chapter of South Sudan’s painful story. The numerous ceasefires and peace deals—often signed with photo ops and smiles—have rarely held for long. Distrust runs deep.
Though the two men came back together under the 2018 peace deal, it’s been a rocky reunion. Analysts like Suphian Mbalazi, a Tanzanian who spent years studying in Sudan, note that "Kiir and Machar’s rivalry has become the cornerstone of instability in the region. It's no longer just about them—it's about two visions of a nation that have never truly reconciled."
Mussa Lugete, a political analyst based in Dar es Salaam, adds, “This is a leadership standoff driven by survival instincts. Neither side wants to give up control, and neither fully trusts the peace process.” Ibrahim Rabi, another Tanzanian expert, echoes the sentiment, noting, “The real tragedy here is that the people of South Sudan are held hostage by this deadlock.”
From across the globe, other voices have weighed in. Dr. Fatima Al-Hassan, a conflict resolution expert from Cairo, argues that “International diplomacy has failed to adequately challenge the entrenched interests of South Sudan’s ruling elite.”
Meanwhile, American analyst Lauren Petty warns, “The more global powers remain divided on South Sudan—China watching the oil, the U.S. pushing democratic reform—the longer this impasse will last.”
South Sudan's story is also one of missed opportunities. When Kenyan opposition leader Raila Odinga traveled to Juba, there was hope his influence could help break the gridlock. However, he was denied a chance to meet Kiir while the president was in closed-door consultations.
For many, it was a telling moment—symbolizing not only the stubbornness of leadership but also the shrinking space for diplomatic mediation. As it stands, the people of South Sudan continue to live in limbo.
Many still reside in displacement camps, education is in shambles, healthcare barely functions, and livelihoods have been washed away—both literally and figuratively. The streets of Juba carry the weight of a nation still searching for peace, caught in the power play of two men who can’t, or won’t, let go.
The future of South Sudan will not be determined by peace agreements written in ink but by bold decisions, accountability, and healing. It requires leaders who can think beyond their tribes and ambitions—leaders who prioritize the people over power. Until then, the world watches a nation stall at the crossroads, hopeful but uncertain.